But each of these is different for each
class; e.g. in colour they are white, black, and surface, and in day
and night they are light, darkness, and air.
Since not only the elements present in a thing are causes, but
also something external, i.e. the moving cause, clearly while
'principle' and 'element' are different both are causes, and
'principle' is divided into these two kinds; and that which acts as
producing movement or rest is a principle and a substance. Therefore
analogically there are three elements, and four causes and principles;
but the elements are different in different things, and the
proximate moving cause is different for different things. Health,
disease, body; the moving cause is the medical art. Form, disorder
of a particular kind, bricks; the moving cause is the building art.
And since the moving cause in the case of natural things is-for man,
for instance, man, and in the products of thought the form or its
contrary, there will be in a sense three causes, while in a sense
there are four. For the medical art is in some sense health, and the
building art is the form of the house, and man begets man; further,
besides these there is that which as first of all things moves all
things.
5
Some things can exist apart and some cannot, and it is the
former that are substances. And therefore all things have the same
causes, because, without substances, modifications and movements do
not exist. Further, these causes will probably be soul and body, or
reason and desire and body.
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