g a line or a road has a beginning in either of the
contrary directions. (2) That from which each thing would best be
originated, e.g. even in learning we must sometimes begin not from the
first point and the beginning of the subject, but from the point
from which we should learn most easily. (4) That from which, as an
immanent part, a thing first comes to be, e,g, as the keel of a ship
and the foundation of a house, while in animals some suppose the
heart, others the brain, others some other part, to be of this nature.
(4) That from which, not as an immanent part, a thing first comes to
be, and from which the movement or the change naturally first
begins, as a child comes from its father and its mother, and a fight
from abusive language. (5) That at whose will that which is moved is
moved and that which changes changes, e.g. the magistracies in cities,
and oligarchies and monarchies and tyrannies, are called arhchai,
and so are the arts, and of these especially the architectonic arts.
(6) That from which a thing can first be known,-this also is called
the beginning of the thing, e.g. the hypotheses are the beginnings
of demonstrations. (Causes are spoken of in an equal number of senses;
for all causes are beginnings.) It is common, then, to all
beginnings to be the first point from which a thing either is or comes
to be or is known; but of these some are immanent in the thing and
others are outside. Hence the nature of a thing is a beginning, and so
is the element of a thing, and thought and will, and essence, and
the final cause-for the good and the beautiful are the beginning
both of the knowledge and of the movement of many things.
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