Facts gained from research in a
library are easiest to verify, and other methods of gathering facts
must often be re-verified through library research. Logical and
emotional weaknesses of arguments can often be recognized by the use
of certain fallacy recognition checklists.[6] The most widely used of
the fallacies is the over or under generalization: everyone (all,
without exception, none, never, no one) rode a bicycle when only two
years old.[7]
* * * * *
The more common persuasive fallacies are:
Logic Fallacies.
1. Generalization -- It is raining everywhere. It has not rained
anywhere. (The exception is discounted.)
2. Circular argument -- That team is the best because it is the
greatest. (Similar adjectives describing each other.)
3. Either or fallacy -- Either the city will drill more wells or it
will run out of water. (This ignores the possibility of water
pipelines, river dams, desalinization, etc.)
4. Cause and effect fallacies -- two kinds:
A. Single cause fallacy -- The streets are wet, therefore it has
been snowing. (This discounts other causes like rain.)
B. Guilt by association -- He has a friend that is a Japanese,
therefore he must be Japanese in his soul.
* * * * *
Emotional Fallacies. (These are intended make a person fear loss of
friendship.)[8]
1. Generalization-Everyone is doing it.
2. Snob Appeal -- A special thing for a special group: Heroes
wear only Hot Stuff clothes.
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